The aortic valve acts as the key link between the heart's primary pumps (the left ventricle) and the body's biggest arterial system (the the aorta). If this valve is not functioning correctly, a condition referred to in the medical community as Aortic Valve Disease (AVD) develops, which affects the heart's capacity to effectively transfer blood to other parts in the body. Because of the serious nature of this condition, which can cause heart failure if not treated promptly--a rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential.

Knowing the path to diagnosis to diagnose Aortic Valve Disease can help patients become more confident, turning what may seem like an overwhelming process into a manageable, step-by -step way to the appropriate treatment. The process requires careful integration of symptoms and a thorough physical exam and the most advanced imaging of cardiac function, specifically the echocardiogram. This comprehensive guide explains the complete diagnostic procedure for AORTIC VALVE DISEASE beginning with the first sign of symptoms until the final diagnosis and expectations that are set.

Recognizing the Red Flags: Common Symptoms of Aortic Valve Disease

In a large number of people who suffer from this condition, the diagnosis of Aortic Valve Disease is not based on outcomes of the blood test. It is more about detecting evidence or subtlety within their bodies. Symptoms typically are caused by the heart's struggle to pump blood through a weak valve (Aortic Stenosis) or is fighting the return circulation of blood (Aortic Regurgitation).

The most important thing to accomplish is to recognize"red flag" indicators. "red flag" signs that generally appear gradually, depending on the severity of the AORTIC VAVE DISease.

The Cardinal Symptoms: The Triad

Most significant indicators of the symptoms that are indicative of Aortic Valve Disease are those that belong to the "classic triad":

1. Chest (Angina): While generally connected to coronary arteries which have been blocked, chest pain may be present in severe Aortic Stenosis because the muscle of your heart (myocardium) requires greater circulation to oxygenated blood than the Aortic valve that is narrowed may offer. The heart muscle grows bigger (hypertrophy) and demands more flow of blood, which could cause discomfort and reduction in the oxygen levels.

2. Fainting or Lightheadedness (Syncope/Presyncope): This is a particularly alarming sign. If you exercise or are pushing yourself to the limit, the arteries in the body expand to increase the circulation of blood to muscles. If AORTIC VALE DISEASE has a serious nature it is likely that the heart won't improve blood flow in sufficient amounts to ensure sufficient circulation to the brain. This may cause lightheadedness or a short feeling of being unable to concentrate (syncope ).

3. A lack of breath (dyspnea) is an indication it is because the heart beats at a higher rate, pushing to the left side of the body, resulting in the leakage of fluids in the lung. At first it could occur during intensive exercise. However, it becomes increasingly frequent when the AORTIC VALVE DISEASE advances and a patient may feel shortness of breath when performing light exercises, or in a position of sitting down ( orthopnea ).

Less Specific but Important Signs

Above the trifecta different symptoms could require a visit to a physician:

• Insomnia and fatigue All over the body is afflicted with low levels of oxygenated blood due to inefficiency of the pumping. This leads to the body becoming exhausted and unable to perform physical activities.

• Heart palpitations Hearts might not beat continuously and rapidly or feel as if it's moving around as it tries to repair the damaged valve.

• Ankles or feet swelling (Edema): A sign that the presence of AORTIC VILLE DIASE is developing and may cause heart failure, which causes swelling and fluid retention.

It is essential that patients report the symptoms they're suffering from to the primary doctor. The physician will usually send the patients to an expert - the cardiac surgeon - to begin the formal diagnosis process for determining the cause of the AORTIC DISEASE in the valve.

The Cardiologist's First Clues: The Physical Exam and Listening for Murmurs

The first appointment with a cardiologist is an extensive physical exam, which is the first evidence-based indicator of AORTIC VALVE DISEASE. The procedure, while simple, is not without a discerning eye and a skilled hand, since the subtleties of the heart's sound are often crucial to determining the cause.

Auscultation: The Art of Listening

The most obvious sign that is indicative of Aortic Valve Disease in the physical examination can be seen in the appearance or presence of aortic heart murmur. A murmur is a noise that is caused by blood flow that is turbulent.

• In Aortic Stenosis (AS): The sound is typically a systolic ejection murmur--a rough, crescendo-decrescendo sound heard best over the second right intercostal space (where the aorta exits the heart). The best-known finding is that the murmur is heard into the carotid veins in the neck. The timing, quality and the pitch of this murmur are extremely an indicator about the seriousness of AORTIC VALE DISEASE.

• in Aortic Regurgitation (AR): The sound is high-pitched and diastolic decrescendo sound which occurs when blood leaks backwards from the left ventricle in the period of resting the heart (diastole).

Palpation and Blood Pressure Findings

The physical exam goes beyond listening. The cardiologist also monitors the patient's blood pressure and pulse in search of classic indications that can be associated with particular kinds of AORTIC VALVE DISEASE:

• Severe Aortic Stenosis The carotid heartbeat may appear weak and slow ( parvus et tardus) because the heart is trying to expel blood at a rapid rate.

• in Severe Aortic Regurgitation: Due to the massive amount of blood that leaks backwards and the heart compensates by pumping a greater volume forward. This causes a large pulse pressure (a significant difference between diastolic and systolic blood pressure) and may cause noticeable binding pulses (like water-hammer pulse).

When combining the patient's symptoms with findings from the physical examination, the cardiologist can determine an extremely high level to suspect AORTIC VALE DISEASE and identify the next and most important test which is imaging.

Echocardiogram (Echo): The Gold Standard for Diagnosis and Severity Assessment

An Echocardiogram (often commonly referred to as"Echo") is the most important test for diagnosing and treating AORTIC VALVE DISEASE. The test is a noninvasive, non-invasive test that uses sound waves to produce live moving images of the heart. Imagine it as a heart ultrasound.

How an Echo Diagnoses Aortic Valve Disease

The principal goal of the echo is to give an in-depth, functional and anatomical evaluation of the Aortic valve. The cardiologist can:

1. Visualize Anatomy The echo shows the structure of the valve leaflets. It is able to identify the root reason for the AORTIC VALE DISEASE . For example, a congenital bicuspid Aortic Valve (having 2 leaflets in place of three) or calcification formation, scarring caused by rheumatic fever or the growth of the growth of plants due to infections.

2. Assessment of Valve Mobilization It demonstrates how leaflets can open and close. In Aortic Stenosis the leaflets appear to be large and narrow.

3. Measure Chamber function: This test evaluates the dimensions and functions that the left ventricle performs. When there is advanced AORTIC VALVE DISEASE the ventricle can become thicker (hypertrophy) or weak and dilated.

Doppler Technology: Quantifying Severity

What makes the echo valuable in the diagnosis of AORTIC VILLE DISEASE is the utilization in Doppler tech. The technology is used to measure the speed and direction of blood flow through the valve. The data derived from Doppler is crucial for determining how severe the condition:

• For Aortic Stenosis (AS):

  • Maximum Velocity (Vmax): Measures the fastest rate at which blood flows through the valve. The greater the velocity is, the more severe the stenosis.

  • Mean Pressure Gradient (MPG): This is the measurement of the average pressure difference between the valves. A gradient that is high (e.g. >40 mmHg) is an important indicator that you have severe AS.

  • Aortic Valve Area (AVA): Calculated by the continuity equation This is the most reliable measurement. AVA less than 1.0 cm is often a sign of serious AORTIC VALVE DISEASE.

• For Aortic Regurgitation (AR):

  • Retrievable Volume, and Participant These measurements determine the quantity (volume) and the percentage (fraction) in blood, which escapes back into the left ventricle during every beat.

  • Vena Contracta The narrowest part of the jet flowing backwards is a key measure of severity.

The extensive information gathered through an echocardiogram does not only determine the existence of AORTIC VALVE DISEASE. However, it also reveals numbers that will guide treatment decisions, such as the timing of surgery to replace the valve.

Beyond the Echo: Supplementary Tests Like ECG, Chest X-ray, and Blood Work

While echocardiograms are typically the most important test, there are many other tests that are less complex and are often used for the initial test to determine AORTIC VALE DISEASE. These tests provide important information regarding the effect of the lung and the heart, and aid in determining any other reasons that may cause these symptoms.

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

The ECG is a fundamental non-invasive test that monitors the heart's electrical activity.

• Ventricular Hypertrophy In the wake of the strain placed on the vessels due to the severe AORTIC VALVE DISEASE (especially stenosis) the left ventricle can be prone to increase in size (Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, also known as LVH) to help counteract the higher pressure needed for the blood to flow out. An ECG will reveal the electrical changes consistent with LVH.

• Resonance Disturbances Disturbances in Rhythm ECG can also identify current heart rhythm issues like atrial fibrillation which can significantly impact the outlook of patients with AORTIC VALVE DISEASE.

Chest X-ray (CXR)

The chest X-ray provides an image of the lungs and the heart.

• Heart Expanding A CXR can reveal what size is your heart in general (cardiomegaly). The left ventricle may appear larger when you have severe AS and AR.

• Pulmonary Congestion In the more advanced stages of AORTIC VALVE DISEASE that have led to the heart failing and failure the CXR will identify signs of a lung fluid build-up ( pulmonary edema) and this can be correlated with breathlessness symptoms.

• Calcification The condition could be characterized by visible calcification of the Aortic valve, and the ascending Aorta. This further helps identify degenerative VOLVE DISEASE.

Blood Work

Blood tests are routinely performed, while not specifically identifying AORTIC VALE DISEASE, they are vital in assessing the overall health of the patient and to identify any other complications:

• B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) or NT-proBNP are hormones that are released from the muscle of your heart as a reaction to stretching and stress. The presence of high levels of BNP may indicate an increase in pressure inside the heart and the possibility of heart failure caused by AORTIC DISEASE OF the VOLVE.

• Tests to test Renal and Liver Function They evaluate the health of the kidneys and liver that could be affected by a decline in the flow of blood or cardiovascular disease.

• Complete Blood Count (CBC): Used to determine if there's anemia that could aggravate symptoms of AORTIC VALE DISEASE.

These tests provide an overall picture of a patient's condition. They also help the cardiologist understand the complete effects from AORTIC VALE DAMAGE in the human body.

understanding the different forms Aortic Stenosis vs. Aortic Regurgitation

Both of them fall within the classification of AORTIC VALVE DIAGNOSIS, Aortic Stenosis (AS) and Aortic Regurgitation (AR) are distinct entities with different their causes, the signs and symptoms, and more important, the distinct diagnostic signs that impact treatments. An accurate diagnosis must clearly distinguish what is the difference between these two.

Aortic Stenosis (AS): The Obstruction Problem

Aortic Stenosis is a term used to describe an issue due to the obstruction. The valves of the aortic valve get stiff, thickened and typically calcified to a high degree, which hinders the openness. This hinders the flow of blood.

• The mechanism: The left ventricle is required to create an overly high pressure to draw blood through the tiny opening which has been calcified. This pressure over-load leads to an increase in wall thickness of the ventricular (hypertrophy).

• Most common reasons: Age-related wear-and-tear (degenerative the calcification) and congenital bicuspid valves and Rheumatic illness.

• Diagnostic Signs (Echo): High pressure gradients (Vmax and MPG) and a tiny Aortic Valve Area (AVA > 1.0 Cm2).

Aortic Regurgitation (AR): The Leakage Problem

Aortic Regurgitation often called Aortic Insufficiency can be described as a kind of illness that arises from an enlargement. The valves of the aortic valves aren't closing correctly, causing a portion of blood to be circulated into the aorta to be pumped through the ventricle on the left (when the heart is supposed to relax).

• Its mechanism: The left ventricle must be able to deal with both the blood that flows into the lung, and the blood flowing back into the Aorta. The increased volume causes the ventricle's size to increase and it dilates in the end, which weakens it.

• Most common causes are: Hypertension of blood vessels (hypertension) endocarditis (infection) Aortic root dilation (Marfan Syndrome) or injury.

• Diagnostic Signs (Echo) A sign of jet blood flowing backwards as measured by the amount of regurgitant and the fraction. It is usually associated with an increased, dilated left ventricle.

It is essential, as the signs that are a result of stress over (AS) are dealt with differently than those related to volume overload (AR). In some cases patients suffer from mixed AORTIC VALVE DISEASE, a mix of stenosis and regurgitation. This adds a challenge to management and diagnostic strategies.

Grading the Disease: How Severity (Mild, Moderate, Severe) Is Determined

Once the AORTIC VALE DISEASE is diagnosed to be a valid diagnosis,, the next important step is to determine its degree. This classification--typically categorized as mild, moderate, or severe--is the primary factor that dictates the patient's prognosis and, most importantly, the timing of intervention (whether observation or surgery is warranted). The classification is largely based on the quantitative indicators that are derived by an echocardiogram.

Grading Aortic Stenosis (AS)

Graduation of Severity, which is used to evaluate the severity Aortic Stenosis is determined by these hemodynamic principles, which are designed to be in line to the guidelines below:

A Low-Flow or Low-Gradient problem An exact diagnosis has been made when patients suffer from AORTIC VALVE DISEASE. This is a grave problem. Patients experience decreased function, which affects heart function. The heart muscle becomes weaker and is situated in a way which makes it in a position where it's ineffective in producing sufficient pressure to bring inflow of blood to the valve which is reduced. This is the reason why you're diagnosed as having a decreased blood flow (MPG below 40 mmHg) regardless of the fact that it's in a tiny dimension (AVA greater than 1.0 millimeter). This is a situation which requires a thorough inspection of the valve using the Dobutamine Test. Pressure Echo. Dobutamine test to identify the valve with the most damage, and also the valve that isn't damaged.

Grading Aortic Regurgitation (AR)

The degree of Graduation Aortic Regurgitation can be measured by the amount of blood flow that flows in that opposite direction.

The severity of AORTIC VALVE DISEASE cannot be doubted. Patients that are not properly classified can cause unneeded surgical procedures, or lead to delays, which can lead to risks when emergency surgery is required. Patients experiencing acute symptoms from AORTIC VALE DISEASE typically require medical attention immediately. Patients who have mild or minor symptoms, or with indications which are mild or moderate and are regularly monitored.

Advanced Imaging: When Is a TEE, CT Scan, or Cardiac Catheterization Needed?

While Transthoracic Echocardiogram (TTE) can be used to identify many AORTIC VALVE DISTORTION cases, certain cases require more specific photographs with high-resolution. These sophisticated diagnostic tools are used to help clarify any confusion and accurately determine surgical procedures to be performed and also evaluate the co-existing conditions.

Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE)

The TEE shows pictures of your internal organs. A small flexible probe is dropped into the throat and into the esophagus. The transducer is then placed exactly where it should be before the heart.

• If it is used It's better than TTE to view how the structure of the Aortic Valve is formed particularly in cases where TTE images aren't as accurate (e.g. due to obesity or lung disease). ).> It is crucial to:

  • Positive suspicion of an endocarditis that is infected (infection on the valve leaflets).

  • The exact anatomy (shape as well as shape) that the valve has prior to a procedure that is minimally invasive, such as the TAV (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement).

  • A thorough job of identifying clots and other complex structures that are not visible by standard echo.

Cardiac Computed Tomography (CT) Scan

The Cardiac CT uses X-rays and computer processing to generate high-quality images of the heart's arteries and the structures around it.

• The TAVR treatment plan is planned. For patients who are being assessed for TAVR to treat severe AORTIC VOLUME DISEASE or aortic valve disorder The Cardiac CT is indispensable. It is a precise sub-millimeter measurement of the size of the aortic roots, the degree of calcification and the anatomy of the vessels which connect the aortic root (arteries in the leg or chest). This exact "road map" is crucial in determining the proper valve size and to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the procedure.

• Aortic Dimensions This is the gold-standard method for measuring the diameter of the aortic that can aid in diagnosing or identify conditions like Aortic aneurysms. They may coexist with AORTIC VACUUM DISTORTION (especially Aortic Regurgitation).

Invasive Cardiac Catheterization

It involves inserting a tiny tube (catheter) into the blood vessel (usually located in the wrist or groin) and then putting it towards the heart. The procedure isn't often utilized to detect the root of the problem, but it is necessary for certain reasons.

• Coronary Angiography is a procedure for patients with serious AORTIC valve disease, and who are scheduled for open heart surgery, an surgical procedure called invasive cardiac catheterization is performed to determine if there are the presence of coronary artery diseases (blocked blood vessels). If blocked arteries are identified and need to be fixed this procedure is usually performed as part of an AVR treatment (CABG and AVR).

• Final pressure verification Although Doppler echo tests are usually sufficient but in some undetermined cases are a good method of determining the pressure gradient in the aortic valve that can determine the degree in AORTIC valve diseases.

These advanced tools ensure that every aspect related to the person's AORTIC VULVE DISEASE is understood and fully comprehended that will cause the most secure and effective treatment plan.

Diagnosis Confirmed: What Patients Can Expect for Treatment and Management

A confirmed diagnosis of AORTIC VALVE DISEASE could be a time of concern. However, it can also be an opportunity to gain clarity. At this moment the cardiologist's primary focus is shifting the diagnosis to the management and treatment plan. The next step will be determined by how severe the illness and the occurrence of symptoms.

The Bifurcation of Treatment Watchful waiting in contrast to. Intervention

The most significant distinction in treating AORTIC VALVE DISEASE is between intervention and observation.

• Mild or moderate or Moderate AVD (Asymptomatic): Patients who suffer from mild to moderate AORTIC VALVE DISEASE who are not symptomatic (have no signs) generally don't require immediate surgical intervention. The primary focus is the reduction of risk factors (managing blood cholesterol, pressure and diabetes) and monitoring the condition. This usually involves:

  • Regular follow-up appointments with the cardiac surgeon (e.g. every 6 to 12 months).

  • Echocardiograms periodically to check the progress of AORTIC VALE DISEASE.

  • Control of heart diseases that coexist like hypertension could exacerbate AR.

• Severe AVD (Symptomatic or High-Risk Asymptomatic): Patients with severe AORTIC VALVE DISEASE with symptoms (angina and syncope as well as dyspnea) are at a high risk and need prompt intervention. Certain patients who are not symptomatic (e.g. patients who have poor left ventricle function) could be likely candidates for surgery at an early stage or TAVR. The treatment options include:

  • Aortic Valve Replacement (AVR): Open-heart operation to remove the damaged valve and replace it by a biomechanical or mechanical prosthetic valve.

  • Transcatheter Aortic Valve Repair (TAVR): A minimally invasive procedure becoming frequent for high-risk or older patients, in which a brand new valve is placed through the catheter, usually via the leg arterial.

The Heart Team Consultation

In the case of serious AORTIC VALE DISEASE patients will be referred for an expert "Heart Team," composed of a cardiac surgeon and an interventional cardiologist and an uninvasive cardiologist. The team analyzes all diagnostic information (echo, CT, cath results) to recommend the best treatment option--TAVR or AVR--that is tailored to the patient's specific anatomy, age, health, and general health.

Life After Diagnosis: Long-Term Monitoring, Lifestyle Changes, and Follow-Up Care

A diagnosis that is a result of AORTIC VALVE DIAGNOSIS is a commitment for life for the heart's health. It is treated with treatment or treatment. The final phase of the diagnosis process is the transition to an ongoing plan for ongoing monitoring of health and maintaining health and quality of your life.

The Necessity of Long-Term Monitoring

For patients whose an AORTIC VALVE DISEASE does not require immediate intervention, or who are being treated, adhering to an accurate follow-up plan is essential.

• regular surveillance of the echo for moderate to mild AORTIC VALE DIASE echo is repeated every two years or every year. The cardiologist is looking for any signs of an increase in the severity of the disease, like a rapid increase in intensity or the pressure gradient that may indicate the need for a faster intervention.

• Monitor Post Intervention Patients who have an un-repaired valve, a follow-up is required to make sure that the valve is operating optimally (checking on leaks and obstructions or wear-and tear) and that the heart muscles are recuperating. Patients with mechanical valves should have regular checks of their blood to determine the efficacy in their blood-coagulation (blood thinner) treatment.

Crucial Lifestyle and Medication Adjustments

The management of risk factors is a powerful method to slow the progression of AORTIC VALVE DISEASE.

• Pressure Control Blood Pressure Control Aggressive control of hypertension is vital, particularly when it comes to Aortic Regurgitation. Backflow can result from high pressure.

• Prevention of Infections Patients suffering with AORTIC VALE ENDOSCOPE VALVE DISEASE are at a higher chance of developing an endocarditis infection. They should maintain an extremely high level of hygiene at the dentist, and could require an application of a certain schedule of antibiotics prior to specific dental procedures.

• Exercise and diet: A healthy diet for your heart (low in sodium and saturated fat) and regular moderate exercises (guided by cardiologists) is essential for maintaining the overall health of your heart and regulating weight, which eases stress on your heart.

The method for diagnosing AORTIC VALE DISEASE is meticulously developed from the identification of symptoms to a quantitative assessment, which results in a precise, personalized treatment program. When you are aware of the significance of physical examinations and the significance of the echocardiogram, and the importance of advanced diagnostic imaging, people can be confident about their diagnosis. Work along with the Heart Team for optimal long-term health and wellbeing.

Frequently Asked Questions about Aortic Valve Disease Diagnosis

1. What is Aortic Valve Disease (AVD)?

Aortic Valve Disease refers to any condition where the aortic valve—the heart valve between the main pumping chamber (left ventricle) and the main artery (aorta)—doesn't work correctly. This typically means the valve is either too narrow (Aortic Stenosis) or leaky (Aortic Regurgitation), both of which strain the heart and reduce its efficiency.

2. What are the most common signs that indicate I might have Aortic Valve Disease?

The most critical symptoms, often referred to as the "classic triad," include:

• Shortness of Breath (especially during exertion).

• Chest Pain or tightness (angina).

• Fainting or feeling dizzy (syncope).

Other signs are fatigue, weakness, and swollen ankles. If you experience any of these, consult a doctor immediately.

3. Who is most at risk of developing Aortic Valve Disease?

The main risk factors include:

• Age: The most common cause is age-related wear-and-tear leading to calcification (Aortic Stenosis).

• Congenital Defects: Being born with a bicuspid aortic valve (two leaflets instead of three).

• High Blood Pressure: Long-standing hypertension is a major risk factor, especially for Aortic Regurgitation.

• Previous Infections: Rheumatic fever or endocarditis can cause scarring and damage.

4. What is the Echocardiogram (Echo), and why is it the most important test?

Echocardiogram is a non-invasive cardiac ultrasound. It is the gold standard for diagnosing Aortic Valve Disease because it allows the cardiologist to:

• Visualize the valve structure (e.g., calcification or bicuspid anatomy).

• Measure the speed and pressure of blood flow (Doppler technology).

• Quantify the severity by calculating the valve area (for stenosis) or the amount of leakage (for regurgitation).

5. What is a "heart murmur," and how does a doctor use it to diagnose AVD?

A heart murmur is an extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat, caused by turbulent (non-smooth) blood flow. The cardiologist uses a stethoscope to listen (auscultation).

• The location, timing, and quality of the murmur (e.g., a harsh, systolic murmur that radiates to the neck suggests Aortic Stenosis) provide the first strong physical clue of Aortic Valve Disease.

6. Are advanced tests like CT scans and TEE always necessary?

No, they are not always required for diagnosis. They are typically reserved for specific situations:

• Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE): Used when standard Echo images are unclear, or to look for very small details like vegetation (clots) on the valve.

• Cardiac CT Scan: Essential for patients considered for the minimally invasive procedure TAVR (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement), as it provides the critical measurements needed for valve selection and procedural planning.

• Cardiac Catheterization: Primarily used to check for blocked coronary arteries before surgery for Aortic Valve Disease.

7. What is the difference between mild, moderate, and severe Aortic Valve Disease?

Severity is determined by specific measurements taken during the echocardiogram (e.g., valve area and pressure gradients).

• Mild: Monitored yearly; often causes no symptoms.

• Moderate: Monitored more frequently (e.g., every 6–12 months); may cause subtle symptoms.

• Severe: Requires close follow-up and often mandates intervention (surgery or TAVR), especially if symptoms are present.

8. If I have been diagnosed with AVD, will I need surgery immediately?

Not necessarily. The decision to intervene is based on two main factors:

1. Severity: Only severe Aortic Valve Disease typically requires intervention.

2. Symptoms: If you are experiencing symptoms (chest pain, syncope, shortness of breath) due to severe AVD, intervention is usually recommended promptly.

If your disease is mild or moderate and you have no symptoms, the treatment plan is active surveillance and managing risk factors.

9. What are my treatment options if my Aortic Valve Disease is severe?

The primary treatment is replacement of the faulty valve:

• Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement (SAVR): Traditional open-heart surgery.

• Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR): A minimally invasive procedure where the new valve is implanted via a catheter, often used for older or higher-risk patients.